around
一、本義：環繞，在..周圍
The whole family was sitting around the dinner table. 全傢人圍坐在飯桌旁
The Romans built a defensive wall around the city. 羅馬人在城市周圍築起一道防禦墻
She wore a beautiful silk shawl around her shoulders. 她在肩上圍瞭一條漂亮的真絲披肩
People crowded around to see what was happening. 人們擠在四周圍觀
We would hear the birds singing all around us. 我們會聽見四周鳥兒在唱歌
A helicopter was circling around, looking for somewhere to land. 直升機盤旋著尋找降落地點
They danced around the bonfire. 他們圍著篝火跳舞
二、引申
1、到處、四處
He wandered around the streets, looking in shop windows. 他在街上閑逛，看看商店櫥窗
There are over 40 radio stations dotted around the country. 40多傢廣播電臺分佈在全國各地
When I finished college, I travelled around for a while. 大學畢業以後，我到處旅遊瞭一段時間
Since it’s your first day here, would you like me to show you around? 你第一天到這，要我帶你四處轉轉嗎
We started looking around for somewhere to live. 我們開始到處找住的地方
She looked at the papers around her. 她看著周圍的論文
2、在…周圍、在…附近
My new place is just around the corner. 我的新傢就在附近
Is there a bank around here? 這附近有銀行嗎？
When you’ve been around a person long enough, you start to know how they’ll react. 和一個人相處久瞭就會瞭解他的處事態度。
the new housing areas in and around Dublin 都柏林及其周圍的新住宅區
Catherine was the most beautiful girl for miles around. 凱瑟琳是方圓幾英裡最漂亮的女孩子
3、大約
My salary was around 900 dollars. 我的工資大約 900 美元
There must have been around 40,000 people in the stadium. 體育場裡肯定有4萬人左右
The whole project will probably cost around $3 million. 整個工程可能約耗資300萬美元。
Most guests started to make their way home around about ten o'clock. 大多數客人10點鐘左右開始回傢瞭
三、擴展
all around 周圍；到處，四處 | Look at the companies all around you. 看看這些你周圍的公司
around here 附近；在這周圍 | Could you recommend some good restaurants around here? 你能介紹幾傢附近的好餐館嗎？
round about 大約 (迂回的，拐彎抹角的) | It'll cost you round about ￡1000. 那要花掉你大約1000英鎊
about
一、本義：圍著…轉
about 的本義是圍繞某中心點無規則的轉
其中最常見的短語是 go about
1、它可以表示人在某地附近轉悠
He went about this city yesterday. 他昨天在這個城市附近轉悠
2、可以表示天體圍繞母體旋轉
The earth goes about the sun. 地球圍繞太陽旋轉
3、也可以指疾病、消息在某地傳播開來
A nasty cold has been going about my hometown. 討厭的感冒在我的傢鄉傳播開來
二、引申
1、在周圍、在附近
由動態的“圍繞某點轉來轉去”引申為靜態的“在周圍、在附近”
There is a moat about the castle. 城堡周圍有一條護城河
He settled down about this town. 他在小鎮附近定居下來
註意：在這個引申義下，about 常與 around/round 互換
I'v been walking about/around/round the parking lot. 我一直在停車場附近走動
about 與 around/round 區別在於：around/round 表示轉動軌跡呈圓形；而about 對轉動軌跡要求不嚴格
round the clock 日夜不停地
2、大約
由“貼近…轉”引申為“大約”，about 在空間上表示“在周邊圍繞”，給人一種“接近、大約、差不多”的感覺
About three hundred students participated in the speech contest. 大約三百名學生參加瞭演講比賽
The monster is about the size of a tiger. 這隻野獸的體型與老虎差不多大
3、關於
由“圍繞…轉”引申為“關於”
表示“關於”，about 常見搭配有兩種：(1) 名詞 + about + 名詞；(2) 動詞 + about + 名詞
第一種搭配常見於某事物的相關性
This is a book about slavery. 這是一本與奴隸制相關的書
第二種搭配用於表示動作的指向性
He is thinking about the question. 他正在思考這個問題
She knew a lot about food. 她很懂得食物
註意：on 也有“關於”的引申義
on 表示物體與平面完全接觸，引申為某事物完全接觸到某一話題，也就是“完全關於”，既“直接的、完全的相關”，或者叫“聚焦”
a book on slavery. 一本聚焦展現奴隸制的書
about 表示圍繞某個中心轉圈，而且不會接觸到中心，引申出與某個話題相關，是一定程度上的相關，或者叫“涉及到”
a book about slavery. 一本涉及到奴隸制的書
4、即將做某事
箭頭圍繞中心轉，不斷接近中心，給人一種“某事正要發生”的感覺，用法搭配為 be about to
be about to 即將做某事
The chorus is about to sing. 合唱團要開始演出瞭
They are about to walk. 他們要走瞭
5、忙於、從事於
箭頭圍繞中心轉，引申為“忙得團團轉”，或“整天圍著…轉”，即忙於、從事於
Everywhere people were going about their daily business. 無論哪裡人們都忙於日常工作
三、擴展
be about to 即將做某事 | They are about to walk. 他們要走瞭
complain about 抱怨 | You have nothing to complain about, do you? 你沒有什麼不滿吧，是嗎？
see about 考慮；註意 | Now I can't answer you, but I'll see about it. 現在我不能給你答復，但我會考慮
be cautious about 對…謹慎 | He is cautious about spending money. 他用錢謹慎
be concerned about 為…擔心,關心 | We are concerned about his health. 我們擔心他的健康
of
一、本義：脫離
of 的空間含義“脫離”在現代英語中很少出現，現代英語中的“脫離”更多地用 off 來表示；of 在英語演變過程中受到法語 de 的影響，已經脫離瞭它原本的空間含義，而更多地用來表示事物的同化性；of 還逐漸發展出瞭“所有格”這一抽象用法，和空間含義毫無關系
1、形象用法
A lion came out of the cage. 一隻獅子從籠子裡走瞭出來
My shot went wide of the net just as time expired. 就在時間結束的時候，我射偏網瞭
This T-shirt will cost you upwards of $25. 這件T恤至少花費你 25 美元
Beijing is actually located west, not east, of Tianjin. 實際上，北京坐落在天津西邊而不是東邊
2、抽象用法
of 表示“脫離”的抽象用法，即“某個舉動、態度或情緒脫離於或來源於某人或某事物”
Rob sb of sth. 從某人身上奪走某物 | Deprive sb of sth. 剝奪某人所擁有的某物
Take care of her 照顧她
He chose his career of his own free will. 他自願選擇瞭他的職業
It is stupid of you to delay your preparation for the final examination. 你怎麼這麼蠢，居然延遲瞭期末復習
She died of lung cancer. 她死於肝癌
I'm tired of my current state. 我厭倦瞭自己現在的狀態
Do you really think that I would take advantage of her? 你真的以為我會占她便宜嗎
She took leave of him with tears. 她含淚向他告別
What do you make of her letter? 你對她的信有何看法
二、引申
強調事物間的同化性。籠統地把“名詞 + of + 名詞”概括為名詞所有格是不準確的，前者的本質其實是“同化性”，而名詞所有格隻是這種本質之下的一種特殊情況，表示“擁有關系”
of 的“同化性”這一用法來源於法語的 de，而非 of 的空間含義，它的功能是對前面的名詞進行解釋說明
of 前後的名詞表現出強烈的“同化性”，其英文是 A tendency of integration. 通俗地講，就是 of 前後的名詞相互融合，相互補充，最終趨向統一的完整含義，這就是為什麼 of 的功能是“解釋說明”
“同一性”的特殊用法——名詞所有格，當且僅當“同一性”表現出所有關系時，“同一性”才能等同於“名詞所有格”。這裡的“所有關系”不僅僅局限於個人所擁有的財產，還包括人所擁有的情感、人做出的評論、動物的嚎叫、動物的肢體等等
think of my son 突然想起我的孩子 | think about the son 我想到瞭與兒子有關的事情
Speak of my son, he said he would come back in two weeks. 說起我兒子，他說他兩周之內就回來
of 的實質是接下來的內容被某人或某物同化，功能是解釋說明下面要提到的內容，可以翻譯為“提到或說起…”
I could overhear the officers talking of someone who sounded awfully similar to my friend Michael. 我無意中聽到警察在談論一個聽起來和我的朋友邁克爾非常相似的人
Why haven't heard of this? 我怎麼沒聽說過
1、…的一部分
the back of the house 房子的後部
the last scene of the movie 電影的最後一個場景
the end of the day 一天的末瞭
2、附屬關系
a friend of Mark’s 馬克的一個朋友
Avocado salad is a favorite of mine. 鱷梨色拉是我的最愛之一
Product inspection is the responsibility of the employees themselves. 檢驗產品是員工自己的責任
3、表示同一類中的所屬關系
some of the students 某些學生
‘Sunflowers’ is one of his best-known paintings. 《向日葵》是他最著名的畫作之一
Two of the guests are vegetarian. 其中有兩位客人是素食者
a member of the baseball team 棒球隊的一名隊員
4、談論數量時表示所指之物的種類
two kilos of sugar 兩公斤糖
millions of dollars 數百萬美元
a bar of chocolate 一塊巧克力
5、說明成群的物或人的種類
a herd of elephants 一群大象
his circle of friends 他的朋友圈子
a bunch of bananas 一串香蕉
6、說明某物所含之物
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
several packets of cigarettes 幾包香煙
truckloads of refugees 一車車的難民
7、…的（表示某物的特征或品質）
the cost of the meal 這頓飯的花費
the beauty of the scenery 景色之美
the length of the swimming pool 遊泳池的長度
The existence of extraterrestrials 外星人的存在
The spread of the epidemic 瘟疫的傳播
8、關於…的
A day of mourning 全天哀悼 | A day for mourning 哀悼日
A photo of Beijing 一張北京的照片 | a photo from Beijing 一張來自北京的照片
An act of fool 愚蠢的行為
三、擴展
take advantage of 趁…之機，利用 | Take advantage of all educational opportunities. 利用所有受教育機會
at the instance of 應…之請，經…的提議 | The man came here at the instance of Dr. Jekyll. 這個人是應吉基爾博士的邀請來這兒的。
in charge of 主管，掌管，照管 | The officer is in charge of the investigation. 這個官員主管這項調查
accuse sb. of sth. 控告(某人某事) | They accused him of taking bribes. 他們控告他受賄。
allow of 容許(有…)，容得 | The situations allow of no excuse. 形勢刻不容緩
drain sb. of sth. 耗盡/用完某人的某物 | I felt depressed and completely drained of energy. 我感覺很沮喪，完全失去瞭活力
be aware of 知道，意識到，認識到 | She was aware of a tall dark figure watching her. 她感覺到有一個高大的黑影在註視她
ahead of 在…前面，先於；勝過 | I arrived ahead of the others. 我比別人提前到達。
upwards of …以上；多於… | He has saved upwards of ￡100 . 他已經存瞭100多英鎊。
of course 自然，當然，無疑 | Can you give me a lift? “Of course, no problem”. 你能用車帶我一段嗎？當然沒問題
a bill of fare 菜單；節目單 | The waiter gave me a bill of fare. 服務生給我遞過瞭一個菜單
away[副詞]
一、本義：有一定距離，離開
1、時間距離：距離某時刻還有多長時間
The school days are still months away. 距離開學日還有幾個月
The beach is only five minutes away. 海灘離這裡隻有5分鐘的路
Christmas is only a month away. 離聖誕節隻有一個月瞭
2、地點距離：與某地相距有多遠
Stay away from drugs and cherish your life. 遠離毒品，珍愛生命
Geneva is about 20 miles away. 日內瓦離這兒大約20英裡遠
There’s another hotel not far away. 不遠的地方還有一傢酒店
二、引申
1、到遠處去
go away! 走開(走到遠處去)
You need to step away from him! 請你退後(退到遠處去)
Get away from me! 離我遠點
Stay away from the fire. 不要靠近火
put your toys away 收拾好你的玩具(玩具遠離瞭之前所在的位置)
You have to put away your stage fright. 把怯場情緒收拾好
Put away your worries. 別擔心
2、不在場
如果遠到看不見，既可視為“不在場”，這是 away 空間含義的一種極限情況
He is away. 他不在
There are twenty students away today. 今天有二十名學生不在
They are away to participate in a simulate examination. 他們離開是因為要參加模擬考試
File away any excess metal until snug fit is achieved. 磨掉多餘金屬，直到趁手舒適為止
3、程度上越來越暗淡或微弱，甚至消失或停止
The man's image fades away from the left to the right. 這個男人的畫像從左到右漸漸黯淡
Support for the Democrats has dropped away. 民主黨的支持率有所下降
The music faded away. 音樂漸漸停瞭下來
The music died away. 音樂聲消失瞭
The water boiled away. 水蒸幹瞭
Most flowers fade away in late springs. 大多數花朵會在晚春凋零
Ruben gave all his money away to charity. 魯賓把所有的錢都捐給瞭慈善機構
Cut away all the dead wood. 把所有的枯木都砍掉
4、一直、持續不斷地
They have chatted away for three hours. 他們已經暢聊三個小時瞭
They danced away the whole night. 他們整晚都沉浸於舞蹈中
Sue was singing away to herself in the bath. 休一邊洗澡一邊唱著歌
They’ve been hammering away all day. 他們用錘子敲敲打打瞭一整天
